Preheat a griddle or a large non-stick skillet over medium-high heat. You can test if it's hot enough by sprinkling a few drops of water on the surface. If they sizzle and evaporate quickly, it's ready.
In a large mixing bowl, whisk together the flour, sugar, baking powder, baking soda, and salt.
In a separate bowl, whisk together the buttermilk, egg, melted butter, and vanilla extract (if using).
Pour the wet ingredients into the dry ingredients and gently stir until just combined. It's okay if there are a few lumps; overmixing can make the pancakes less fluffy.
Lightly grease the hot griddle or skillet with a small amount of butter or cooking spray.
For each pancake, ladle about 1/4 cup of the pancake batter onto the griddle. Use the back of a spoon to spread it into a circle if needed. Leave space between each pancake to allow for spreading.
If you want to add toppings like chocolate chips or blueberries, sprinkle them onto the pancakes now, while the batter is still wet.
Cook the pancakes until you see bubbles forming on the surface and the edges start to look set, usually about 2-3 minutes.
Carefully flip the pancakes using a spatula and cook for an additional 1-2 minutes on the other side, or until they are golden brown and cooked through.
Remove the pancakes from the griddle or skillet and place them on a plate. Keep warm in a low oven if needed while you cook the remaining pancakes.
Serve your pancakes warm with your favorite toppings like maple syrup, fresh fruit, whipped cream, or a dusting of powdered sugar.